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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1850 |
| | | Alfred Tennyson's elegy for a friend, In Memoriam, captures perfectly the Victorian mood of heightened sensibility | |
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| 1850 |
| | | British engineer Robert Stephenson completes a box-girder railway bridge over the Menai Strait, between Anglesey and mainland Wales | |
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| 1850 |
| | | California is admitted to the union just two years after being acquired from Mexico | |
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| 1850 |
| | | The slave trade, but not slavery itself, is banned in Washington and the district of Columbia | |
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| 1850 |
| | | Brazil, historically the world's second largest importer of slaves from Africa, finally bans the slave trade | |
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| 1850 |
| | | US president Zachary Taylor dies after a short illness and is succeeded by his vice-president, Millard Fillmore | |
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| 1850 |
| | | The US Congress passes the Compromise of 1850, designed to defuse the growing crisis over slavery | |
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| 1850 |
| | | The Fugitive Slave Act, concerned with the arrest of runaway slaves, is the most contentious part of the Compromise of 1850 | |
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| 1850 |
| | | Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes his novel The Scarlet Letter, in which Hester Prynne is forced to wear the letter A for Adultress | |
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| 1850 |
| | | US Secretary of State John Clayton and British ambassador Henry Bulwer come to an agreement about the building of a canal between the Atlantic and Pacific | |
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| 1850 |
| | | Escaped slave Harriet Tubman makes the first of many dangerous journeys back into Maryland to bring other slaves into freedom | |
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| 1850 |
| | | Jenny Lind, the 'Swedish Nightingale', has a great success touring the USA in a show presented by P.T. Barnum | |
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| 1850 |
| | | A rebellion against the Qing dynasty, led by Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, breaks out in southern China | |
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| 1850 |
| | | Allan Pinkerton retires from the Chicago police force and forms the Pinkerton National Detective Agency | |
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| c. 1850 |
| | | English cartoonist John Tenniel begins a 50-year career drawing for the satirical magazine Punch | |
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| 1851 |
| | | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Samson Raphael Hirsch becomes rabbi of a synagogue in Frankfurt, where he develops the theme of neo-Orthodoxy | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Thomas Cubitt completes Osborne House, designed as a quiet retreat for Victoria and Albert on the Isle of Wight | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto, based on a play by Victor Hugo, is a huge success at its premiere in Venice | |
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| 1851 |
| | | English photographer Frederick Scott Archer publishes the details of his collodion process, a marked improvement on the earlier calotype negative | |
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| 1851 |
| | | German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye | |
|  | Principle of Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1851 |
| | | English textile magnate Titus Salt begins to build Saltaire as a model industrial village for his workers | |
|  | Saltaire Mills
English Heritage National Monuments Record
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| 1851 |
| | | Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace, built in London in six months, is the world's first example of prefabricated architecture | |
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| 1851 |
| | | French physicist Léon Foucault demonstrates the rotation of the earth by means of a long pendulum suspended in the Pantheon in Paris | |
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| 1851 |
| | | The Australian gold rush begins with the discovery of gold fields at Ballarat and a few months later at Bendigo | |
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| 1851 |
| | | The Great Exhibition attracts six million visitors to London's new Crystal Palace in a period of only six months | |
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| 1851 |
| | | The first American branch of the Young Men's Christian Association is established in Boston | |
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| 1851 |
| | | The New York Times is founded by Henry Jarvis Raymond as a conservative daily with an emphasis on accuracy | |
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| 1851 |
| | | US author Nathaniel Hawthorne bases his novel The House of the Seven Gables on a curse invoked against his own family | |
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| 1851 |
| | | Richard Wagner writes an anti-semitic tract, Jewishness in Music | |
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